References

Akaike, H. 1974. “A New Look at the Statistical Model Identification.” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19 (6): 716–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705.
Alby, Tom. 2023. Data Science in Practice. Chapman; Hall/CRC.
Alexander, Rohan. 2023. Telling Stories with Data: With Applications in r. Chapman; Hall/CRC.
Allrecipes. 2025. “About Us.” https://www.allrecipes.com/about-us-6648102.
Bates, Douglas, Martin Maechler, Ben Bolker, and Steve Walker. 2015. “Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Lme4 67. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
Baumer, Benjamin S, Daniel T Kaplan, and Nicholas J Horton. 2017. Modern Data Science with r. Chapman; Hall/CRC.
Bolker, Ben, and David Robinson. 2024. “Broom.mixed: Tidying Methods for Mixed Models.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.broom.mixed.
Box, George EP, and David R Cox. 1964. “An Analysis of Transformations.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology 26 (2): 211–43.
Breiman, Leo. 2001. “Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures (with Comments and a Rejoinder by the Author).” Statistical Science 16 (3): 199–231.
Bryan, Jenny. 2020. Happy Git and GitHub for the useR. https://happygitwithr.com/.
Burnham, Kenneth P, and David R Anderson. 2002. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. Springer.
Campbell, Elizabeth, Elizaveta Berezina, and Gill Hew. 2020. “The Effects of Music Induction on Mood and Affect in an Asian Context.” Psychology of Music 49 (5): 1132–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735620928578.
Cannon, Ann, George Cobb, Bradley Hartlaub, Julie Legler, Robin Lock, Thomas Moore, Allan Rossman, and Jeffrey Witmer. 2019. “Stat2Data: Datasets for Stat2.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.Stat2Data.
Casella, George, and Roger Berger. 2024. Statistical Inference. 2nd ed. CRC Press.
Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine, and Johanna Hardin. 2024. Introduction to Modern Statistics. 2nd ed. OpenIntro.
Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine, Johanna Hardin, Benjamin S Baumer, Amelia McNamara, Nicholas J Horton, and Colin Rundel. 2021. “An Educator’s Perspective of the Tidyverse.” arXiv Preprint arXiv:2108.03510.
Chacon, Scott, and Ben Straub. 2014. Pro Git. Apress.
Community, Data Science Learning. 2024. “Tidy Tuesday: A Weekly Social Data Project.” https://tidytues.day.
Couch, Simon P., Andrew P. Bray, Chester Ismay, Evgeni Chasnovski, Benjamin S. Baumer, and Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel. 2021a. Infer: An r Package for Tidyverse-Friendly Statistical Inference” 6: 3661. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03661.
———. 2021b. Infer: An r Package for Tidyverse-Friendly Statistical Inference” 6: 3661. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03661.
Csárdi, Gábor, Jim Hester, Hadley Wickham, Winston Chang, Martin Morgan, and Dan Tenenbaum. 2024. “Remotes: R Package Installation from Remote Repositories, Including ’GitHub’.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.remotes.
Cunningham, Scott. 2021. Causal Inference: The Mixtape. Yale university press.
Davern, Michael, Rene Bautista, Jeremy Freese, Pamela Herd, and Stephen L. Morgan. 2025. “General Social Survey 1972–2024.” NORC at the University of Chicago; [Machine-readable data file]. https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-documentation/pdf/codebook/GSS%202024%20Codebook.pdf.
Duke Lemur Center. n.d. “Meet the Lemurs.” https://lemur.duke.edu/discover/meet-the-lemurs/.
Evans, Nicholas D, Perla C Perez, and Osvaldo F Morera. 2025. “Testing the Efficacy of Educational Interventions on Matched Student Samples: A Primer for Propensity Score Matching in r.” Journal of STEM Outreach 8 (1): 1–9.
Frick, Hannah, Fanny Chow, Max Kuhn, Michael Mahoney, Julia Silge, and Hadley Wickham. 2025. “Rsample: General Resampling Infrastructure.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.rsample.
Garnier, Simon, Ross, Noam, Rudis, Robert, Camargo, et al. 2024. viridis(Lite) - Colorblind-Friendly Color Maps for r. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4679423.
Gebru, Timnit, Jamie Morgenstern, Briana Vecchione, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, Hanna Wallach, Hal Daumé Iii, and Kate Crawford. 2021. “Datasheets for Datasets.” Communications of the ACM 64 (12): 86–92.
Gelman, Andrew, and Jennifer Hill. 2007. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge university press.
Harrell Jr, Frank E. 2025. “Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.Hmisc.
Healy, Kieran. 2023. “Gssr: General Social Survey Data for Use in r.” http://kjhealy.github.io/gssr.
Hickey, Walt. 2015. “Be Suspicious of Online Movie Ratings, Especially Fandango’s.” FiveThirtyEight, Available at: Http://Fivethirtyeight. Com/Features/Fandango-Movies-Ratings.
Ho, Daniel E., Kosuke Imai, Gary King, and Elizabeth A. Stuart. 2011. MatchIt: Nonparametric Preprocessing for Parametric Causal Inference” 42. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v042.i08.
Horst, Allison Marie, Alison Presmanes Hill, and Kristen B Gorman. 2020a. “Palmerpenguins: Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica) Penguin Data.” https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960218.
———. 2020b. “Palmerpenguins: Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica) Penguin Data.” https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960218.
Howell, Joel, Dianne Singer, Erica Solway, Nicholas Box, Scott Roberts, Lauren Hutchens, Emily Smith, and Jeffrey Kullgren. 2024. “The Sound of Music.” University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging. https://doi.org/10.7302/22174.
Huntington-Klein, Nick. 2021. The Effect: An Introduction to Research Design and Causality. Chapman; Hall/CRC.
Ismay, Chester, and Albert Y Kim. 2019. Statistical Inference via Data Science: A Moderndive into r and the Tidyverse.
Jabkowski, Piotr, and Aneta Piekut. 2024. “Not Random and Not Ignorable. An Examination of Nonresponse to Income Question in the European Social Survey, 2008–2018.” Field Methods 36 (3): 213–28.
James, Gareth, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. 2021. An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in r. 2nd ed. Springer.
Jeppson, Haley, Heike Hofmann, and Di Cook. 2021. “Ggmosaic: Mosaic Plots in the ’Ggplot2’ Framework.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.ggmosaic.
Kass, Robert E, and Adrian E Raftery. 1995. “Bayes Factors.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 90 (430): 773–95.
Kim, Albert Y., Chester Ismay, and Jennifer Chunn. 2018a. “The Fivethirtyeight r Package: ’Tame Data’ Principles for Introductory Statistics and Data Science Courses” 11. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rx1231m.
Kim, Albert Y, Chester Ismay, and Jennifer Chunn. 2018b. “The Fivethirtyeight r Package:‘tame Data’principles for Introductory Statistics and Data Science Courses.” Technology Innovations in Statistics Education 11 (1).
Kubicek, Lorrie. 2022. “Can Music Improve Our Health and Quality of Life?” July 25, 2022. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/can-music-improve-our-health-and-quality-of-life-202207252786.
Kuhn, Max. 2025. “Tune: Tidy Tuning Tools.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.tune.
Kuhn, Max, and Kjell Johnson. 2019. Feature Engineering and Selection: A Practical Approach for Predictive Models. Chapman; Hall/CRC.
Kuhn, Max, and Julia Silge. 2022. Tidy Modeling with r. " O’Reilly Media, Inc.".
Kuhn, Max, Davis Vaughan, and Emil Hvitfeldt. 2025a. “Yardstick: Tidy Characterizations of Model Performance.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.yardstick.
———. 2025b. “Yardstick: Tidy Characterizations of Model Performance.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.yardstick.
Kuhn, Max, and Hadley Wickham. 2020. “Tidymodels: A Collection of Packages for Modeling and Machine Learning Using Tidyverse Principles.” https://www.tidymodels.org.
Lawlor, Jake. 2020. “PNWColors: Color Palettes Inspired by Nature in the US Pacific Northwest.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.PNWColors.
Liedtke, Michael. 2025. “Amazon’s Zoox Launches Its Robotaxi Service in Las Vegas.” AP News. https://apnews.com/article/amazon-zoox-robotaxis-las-vegas-bd5cb24602fb16243efcba05c7fe518f.
MacGregor, Emily. 2025. “Music Can Lift Mood, Foster Community and Even Rewire Brains – but Does It Need to Have a Purpose?” April 14, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/apr/14/mood-music-radio-3-unwind-emily-macgregor.
Maxmen, Amy. 2018. “Self-Driving Car Dilemmas Reveal That Moral Choices Are Not Universal.” Nature 562: 469–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07135-0.
Milborrow, Stephen. 2025. “Rpart.plot: Plot ’Rpart’ Models: An Enhanced Version of ’Plot.rpart’.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.rpart.plot.
Miller, Thomas Lumley based on Fortran code by Alan. 2024. “Leaps: Regression Subset Selection.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.leaps.
Montgomery, Douglas C. 2017. Design and Analysis of Experiments. John wiley & sons.
Mubia, Brian. 2025a. “tastyR: Recipe Data from ’Allrecipes.com’.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.tastyR.
———. 2025b. “I Scraped 14K Recipes, so You Won’t Have To.” August 1, 2025. https://www.brians.works/i-scraped-14k-recipes-so-you-wont-have-to/.
National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). 2025. “Meteorological Versus Astronomical Seasons.” https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/meteorological-versus-astronomical-seasons.
NCAA. 2013. “Divisional Differences and the History of Multidivision Classification.” National Collegiate Athletic Association. https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2013/11/20/divisional-differences-and-the-history-of-multidivision-classification.aspx.
Nowosad, Jakub. 2019. Check Color Palettes for Problems with Color Vision Deficiency. https://jakubnowosad.com/colorblindcheck/.
Pavlik, Kaylin. 2019. “Understanding + Classifying Genres Using Spotify Audio Features.” https://www.kaylinpavlik.com/classifying-songs-genres/.
PBC, Posit. 2025. “Quarto: An Open-Source Scientific and Technical Publishing System.” https://quarto.org/.
Posit Software, PBC. 2025. “Download RStudio – Posit.” https://posit.co/downloads/.
R Core Team. 2024. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.” https://www.R-project.org/.
R Core Team. 2025. “The r Base Package — Index (Version 4.6.0).” Seminar für Statistik, ETH Zürich; https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/00Index.html.
Roback, Paul, and Julie Legler. 2021. Beyond Multiple Linear Regression: Applied Generalized Linear Models and Multilevel Models in r. Chapman; Hall/CRC.
Robinson, David, Alex Hayes, and Simon Couch. 2023a. “Broom: Convert Statistical Objects into Tidy Tibbles.” https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=broom.
———. 2023b. “Broom: Convert Statistical Objects into Tidy Tibbles.” https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=broom.
———. 2025. “Broom: Convert Statistical Objects into Tidy Tibbles.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.broom.
Rudis, Bob, and Dave Gandy. 2023. “Waffle: Create Waffle Chart Visualizations.” https://github.com/hrbrmstr/waffle.
Schwarz, Gideon. 1978. “Estimating the Dimension of a Model.” The Annals of Statistics, 461–64.
Spotify for Developers. n.d. “Get Audio Features (Spotify Web API Reference).” Online Documentation. https://developer.spotify.com/documentation/web-api/reference/get-audio-features.
Taruffi, Liila, Corinna Pehrs, Stavros Skouras, and Stefan Koelsch. 2017. “Effects of Sad and Happy Music on Mind-Wandering and the Default Mode Network.” Scientific Reports 7 (1): 14396. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14849-0.
Texas at El Paso College of Liberal Arts, The University of. n.d. “Project ACE: Action for Equity.” https://www.utep.edu/liberalarts/project-ace/.
The Trust for Public Land. 2021. “Parks and an Equitable Recovery.” Online.
Therneau, Terry, and Beth Atkinson. 2025. “Rpart: Recursive Partitioning and Regression Trees.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.rpart.
Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia, Jasmine Mithani, and Laura Bronner. 2020. “Why Many Americans Don’t Vote.” FiveThirtyEight. https://web.archive.org/web/20201102013301/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/non-voters-poll-2020-election/.
tidyverse Development Team. 2025. “Tidyverse: R Packages for Data Science.” tidyverse; https://tidyverse.org/.
Timbers, Tiffany, Trevor Campbell, and Melissa Lee. 2022. Data Science: A First Introduction. Chapman; Hall/CRC.
Tukey, John W. 1962. “The Future of Data Analysis.” In Breakthroughs in Statistics: Methodology and Distribution, 408–52. Springer.
Tukey, John Wilder et al. 1977. Exploratory Data Analysis. Vol. 2. Springer.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education. 2025. “Equity in Athletics Data Analysis Cutting Tool.” U.S. Department of Education. https://ope.ed.gov/athletics/.
Ushey, Kevin, and Hadley Wickham. 2025. “Renv: Project Environments.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.renv.
Vaughan, Davis, and Simon Couch. 2025. “Workflows: Modeling Workflows.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.workflows.
Venables, W. N., and B. D. Ripley. 2002. “Modern Applied Statistics with s.” https://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4/.
Wald, Abraham. 1943. “Tests of Statistical Hypotheses Concerning Several Parameters When the Number of Observations Is Large.” Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 54 (3): 426–82.
Waring, Elin, Michael Quinn, Amelia McNamara, Eduardo Arino de la Rubia, Hao Zhu, and Shannon Ellis. 2022. “Skimr: Compact and Flexible Summaries of Data.” https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=skimr.
White, Edward. 2025. “Top Sensor Maker Hesai Warns World Not Ready for Fully Driverless Cars.” Financial Times, September. https://www.ft.com/content/1cea9526-17a8-4554-a660-1c1e6d69676b.
Wickham, Hadley. 2014a. “Tidy Data.” Journal of Statistical Software 59: 1–23.
———. 2014b. “Data Science: How Is It Different to Statistics?” https://imstat.org/2014/09/04/data-science-how-is-it-different-to-statistics/.
———. 2016. “Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis.” https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org.
Wickham, Hadley, Mara Averick, Jennifer Bryan, Winston Chang, Lucy D’Agostino McGowan, Romain François, Garrett Grolemund, et al. 2019a. “Welcome to the Tidyverse 4: 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686.
———, et al. 2019b. “Welcome to the Tidyverse 4: 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686.
Wickham, Hadley, Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel, and Garrett Grolemund. 2023. R for Data Science. 2nd ed. " O’Reilly Media, Inc.".
Wickham, Hadley, Romain François, Lionel Henry, Kirill Müller, and Davis Vaughan. 2023a. “Dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.dplyr.
———. 2023b. “Dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.dplyr.
Wikipedia contributors. 2025a. “Data Science.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science.
———. 2025b. “Newton’s Method.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_method.
Wilke, Claus O. 2025. “Ggridges: Ridgeline Plots in ’Ggplot2’.” https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.ggridges.
Xie, Yihui. 2024. “Knitr: A General-Purpose Package for Dynamic Report Generation in r.” https://yihui.org/knitr/.
Zarulli, Virginia, Elizaveta Sopina, Veronica Toffolutti, and Adam Lenart. 2021. “Health Care System Efficiency and Life Expectancy: A 140-Country Study.” PLoS One 16 (7): e0253450.
Zehr, SM, RG Roach, D Haring, J Taylor, FH Cameron, and AD Yoder. n.d. “Life History Profiles for 27 Strepsirrhine Primate Taxa Generated Using Captive Data from the Duke Lemur Center. Sci Data. 2014; 1: 140019.”